The FT/FD-dependent initiation of flowering under long-day conditions in the day-neutral species Nicotianatabacum originates from the facultative short-day ancestor Nicotianatomentosiformis.

Abstract

Photoperiod is an important external stimulus governing the precise timing of the floral transition in plants. Members of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like clade of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins induce this developmental process in numerous species by forming regulatory protein complexes with FD-like bZIP transcription factors. We identified several thus far unknown FT-like and FD-like genes in the genus Nicotiana and found that, even in the day-neutral species Nicotianatabacum, floral initiation requires the photoperiod-dependent expression of several FT-like genes. Furthermore, floral promotion under long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions is mediated by an FT-like protein (NtFT5) that originates from the genome of the paternal, facultative SD ancestor Nicotianatomentosiformis. In contrast, its ortholog of the maternal LD ancestor Nicotianasylvestris is not present in the genome of N.tabacum cv. SR1. Expression profiling in N.tabacum and its ancestors confirmed the relevance of these FT and FD orthologs in the context of polyploidization. We also found that floral inhibition by tobacco FT-like proteins is not restricted to SD conditions, highlighting the coincident expression of tobacco FT-like genes encoding floral activators and floral inhibitors. Multicolor bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed the preferential formation of FT/FD complexes that promote rather than inhibit flowering, which in concert with the regulation of NtFT and NtFD expression could explain how floral promotion overcomes floral repression during the floral transition in tobacco.