Abstract
Abstract Graphene is a single-atom-thick sheet of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms that are packed in a hexagonal honeycomb crystalline structure. This promising structure has endowed graphene with advantages in electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties such as room-temperature quantum Hall effect, long-range ballistic transport with around 10 times higher electron mobility than in Si and thermal conductivity in the order of 5,000 W/mK, and high electron mobility at room temperature (250,000 cm2/V s). Another promising characteristic of graphene is large surface area (2,630 m2/g) which has emerged so far with its utilization as novel electronic devices especially for ultrasensitive chemical sensor and reinforcement for the structural component applications. The application of graphene is challenged by concerns of synthesis techniques, and the modifications involved to improve the usability of graphene have attracted extensive attention. Therefore, in this review, the research progress conducted in the previous decades with graphene and its derivatives for chemical detection and the novelty in performance enhancement of the chemical sensor towards the specific gases and their mechanism have been reviewed. The challenges faced by the current graphene-based sensors along with some of the probable solutions and their future improvements are also being included.
Highlights
Graphene and its derivatives have been emerging materials for modern chemistry and physics owing to its fascinating properties profile since Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov (Nobel Prize winners for Physics in 2010) achieved groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional (2D) material graphene in 2004 [1]
graphene oxide (GO) can be synthesized by functionalizing with hydroxyl (−OH) or carboxyl (C]O) groups covalently bonded to a planar carbon network of graphite, via treatment with oxidizing agents such as sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3)
Field emission electron microscope (FESEM) image presented at Figure 3 captured by Sharma et al (2017) shows highly wrinkled and corrugated structure of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) compared with GO, but shows liner I–V result for both GO and rGO
Summary
Graphene and its derivatives have been emerging materials for modern chemistry and physics owing to its fascinating properties profile since Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov (Nobel Prize winners for Physics in 2010) achieved groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional (2D) material graphene in 2004 [1]. Due to its unique properties which include a distinctive nanoporous structure, high mechanical strength, and high electrical and thermal conductivity, it has found a large number of applications in areas like sensors, biomedical engineering, nano and flexible electronics, catalysis, and cement-based and geopolymer materials [8]. (2) graphene exhibits inherently low electrical noise at room temperature [17], which arises from its unique 2D crystal lattice and high electron mobility For these reasons, the sensitivity of graphene-based devices for molecular sensing is superior to that of CNTs. In truth, Schedin et al (2007) have revealed that even the adsorption of single molecules could be detected using graphene [17].
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