Abstract
Abstract The foul burns of Edinburgh were open sewers, carrying the domestic and industrial wastes of the city into the nearby rivers and the Firth of Forth. They were also tapped at various points, to irrigate dairy meadows. These burns and meadows made a noisome contribution to nineteenth century Edinburgh, yet their removal was a protracted and controversial affair. Numerous attacks were mounted against them, in the name of public health, but the successes were limited. The really effective force for environmental change was the economic pressure of urban growth.
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