Abstract
The formation of spray drops of water-in-oil emulsions from fan-jet nozzles has been studied and compared with the results of similar work using Newtonian liquids. The limiting viscosity of these emulsions at high rates of shear (η∞) is a suitable viscosity parameter to use in describing the spraying properties of water-in-oil emulsions. The break-up of the fluid can be described in terms of the same four ranges of Reynolds numbers as are used for Newtonian liquids. In range 1 the flow through the nozzle is turbulent and the drop size is independent of viscosity; range 2 is the critical region where the flow changes from turbulent to laminar and the drop size tends to decrease as the viscosity is increased; in ranges 3 and 4 the flow through the nozzle is laminar and drop size increases with increase in viscosity. In range 3 drops are formed mainly by the break-up of a sheet of fluid, but in range 4 sheet formation is suppressed and drops are formed by the break-up of ligaments. The theoretical expressions developed to describe the drop size of Newtonian liquids can generally be applied to water-in-oil emulsions although slight errors may be introduced owing to a relaxation of the shearing forces as the fluid leaves the nozzle. This allows the viscosity of the fluid sheet and ligaments to rise before they break up into drops.
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