Abstract
The blisters (shells) and the reason for their formation on the surface of the graphite or tantalum probe during atomization of large amounts of lanthanum nitrate in the graphite furnace were investigated experimentally using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Blisters were observed on both the tantalum and the graphite probe surface under suitable conditions. The blisters were not caused by carbon, but may be caused by lattice defects on the tantalum probe or through the formation of La(OH) 3 owing to La 2O 3 absorbing water vapour on the graphite probe.
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