Abstract

Chinese garlic powder (GP) is exported to all countries in the world, but the excess of microorganisms is a serious problem that affects export. The number of microorganisms has a serious impact on the pricing of GP. It is very important to detect and control the microorganism in GP. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contamination and drug resistance of microorganisms during the processing of GP. We used metagenomics and Illumina sequencing to study the composition and dynamic distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but also the microbial community in three kinds of garlic products from factory processing. The results showed that a total of 126 ARG genes were detected in all the samples, which belonged to 11 ARG species. With the processing of GP, the expression of ARGs showed a trend to increase at first and then to decrease. Network analysis was used to study the co-occurrence patterns among ARG subtypes and bacterial communities and ARGs.

Highlights

  • Antibiotic resistance genes were first proposed by American scholar Pruden [1] in 2006

  • 53 (42%) antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) coexisted in garlic slices (GS) and garlic powder (GP) (Supplementary Figure S1), indicating that there was a higher similarity in ARGs in the middle and late stages of GP processing

  • The detection frequency of ARGs showed an upward trend in GS processing and a downward trend in GP processing, indicating that the GS processing would lead to an increase in ARGs, and further processing into GP would lead to a decrease in ARGs

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Summary

Introduction

Antibiotic resistance genes were first proposed by American scholar Pruden [1] in 2006. The increase in the antibiotic resistance of bacteria (ARB) infection and ARGs from antibiotics [3, 4], or other substances [including heavy metals [5, 6], light irradiations [7], or mineral nanoparticles such as zinc [8]], of selective pressure by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), appeared in the emerging transmission, has caused great attention all over the world. Since their discovery in the 1930s, antibiotics have been widely used and abused as their availability has increased.

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