The formation and remarkable persistence of the Oecusse-Ambeno enclave, Timor

Abstract

The Oecusse-Ambeno enclave of Timor has persisted as a geographically distinct zone under Portuguese governance for over three centuries, enduring repeated efforts to undo its enclave status. This article analyses the confluence of economic, religious, and political elements that brought and kept Oecusse within Portuguese rule on Timor. Strong local authorities controlled trade linkages, maintained political and military ties with colonial rule, and wove Catholicism into existing customary practices and hierarchies, forging a strong regional identity that fostered sustained alliance with the Portuguese. Finally, the article discusses the impacts of Oecusse's enclave status over the past century.