Abstract
Since colonial times, Somalia has been going through authoritarian and/or democratic transitions. The transitory position of Somalia was determined by geography, religion, ethnicity, tribal origins, socio-economic, and political system. Somalia is one of the longest protracted crises in the world and recurrently victim of the violent extremism that breathes into the political, social and economic country’s unrest. Somalia remains a major threat to peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. More importantly, continuous uprisings, violence, and conflicts threaten peace, stability, and security in Somalia. This paper examines the root causes of these developments by considering international, regional and domestic actors in state security, peace, and stability. How tackling of terrorism, extremism and organized crime are conditioned by the effectiveness of the system of governance, the rule of law, economic growth and development and, more importantly, state security, police, and defense. This paper also placed the questions of terrorism and conflict within a global security framework and the fight against terrorism, organized crime, and illegal human trafficking and migrations.
Highlights
The uprising in 1986 against the regime of Siad Barre characterized the beginning of the Somalia civil war till 1991
In response to the humanitarian crises and the ongoing conflict in 1992 the United Nations with the Security Council Resolution 792/1992 (UNSCR) established the United Task Forces, UNITAF, for Operation Restore Hope led by established the United Nations Operations in Somalia, UNOSOM I from April 1992 to March 1993 with the UNSCR 733/1992 and UNOSOM II from March 1993 to March 1995 with the UNSCR 794/1992 the USA (December 1992 – May 1993) and contemporary
In June 2013, eighteen years later from the United Nations Operations in Somalia the United Nations Security Council with the Security Council Resolution 2102/2013 deployed the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia, UNSOM, a political mission mandated to support the state building and the peace process in the country, allowing humanitarian aids to reach a population affected by decades of civil war
Summary
The uprising in 1986 against the regime of Siad Barre characterized the beginning of the Somalia civil war till 1991. In June 2013, eighteen years later from the United Nations Operations in Somalia the United Nations Security Council with the Security Council Resolution 2102/2013 deployed the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia, UNSOM, a political mission mandated to support the state building and the peace process in the country, allowing humanitarian aids to reach a population affected by decades of civil war. Outside powers have mostly preferred “positive” narratives that oversell the north’s recovery – and that of Somalia more broadly – and downplay risks Leaders in both Puntland and Somaliland appear wedded to brinksmanship and believe they have little incentive to make peace. But to forestall it both sides need to take a step back, dial down their rhetoric and allow for mediation led by the UN Their long-running dispute over Soog and Sanaag regions will inevitably take time to resolve. The alternative is a war in northern Somalia that would be extremely costly to both sides, tarnish their international reputations, worsen an already grave humanitarian predicament and undercut efforts to counter Al-Shabaab and the small, but deadly ISIS branch in Puntland
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