Abstract
β-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA-HCl) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) are anti-microbials with applications in food processing. As food anti-microbials, the compounds will have to withstand the cooking process without changing to toxic compounds. With this Communication, we address the question of whether PEA and EAA are altered when heated to 73.9 °C or 93.3 °C. A combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was used to analyze solutions of PEA(-HCl) or EAA in beef broth or water. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of PEA-HCl and EAA was compared between heated and unheated samples at a range of concentrations. The gas chromatograms of PEA(-HCl) and EAA showed one peak at early retention times that did not differ between the heated and unheated samples. The mass spectra for PEA and EAA were near identical to those from a spectral database and did not show any differences between the heated and unheated samples. We conclude that PEA(-HCl) and EAA formed pure solutions and were not altered during the heating process. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of PEA-HCl and EAA did not change after the heating of the compounds. Regardless of temperature, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for PEA-HCl were 20.75 mmol mL−1 for Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. For EAA, the MICs were 23.4 mmol mL−1 for E. coli and 15.6 mmol mL−1 for S. enterica.
Highlights
Previous research by our own laboratory identified β-phenylethylamine-HCl (PEAHCl) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) as novel anti-microbials with a broad range of effectiveness against numerous bacterial pathogens and in several applications
Three samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS): 83 μmol mL−1 PEA in 1% beef broth unheated, heated to 73.9 ◦C, and heated to 93.3 ◦C
The primary peak is at 30 m/z, while the second most intense peak is at 91 m/z
Summary
Previous research by our own laboratory identified β-phenylethylamine-HCl (PEAHCl) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) as novel anti-microbials with a broad range of effectiveness against numerous bacterial pathogens and in several applications. PEA-HCl and acetoacetate (AAA) were originally discovered as anti-microbials against E. coli O157:H7 in a screen of 95 carbon and 95 nitrogen sources [1]. A potential medical application of PEA-HCl was its use as a liquid flush for silicone tubing in an experiment that was modeled after antibiotic lock treatment [2]. In a food safety application, both PEA-HCl and EAA were used as treatments for ground beef, where they reduced naturally occurring spoilage bacteria [5]. Research on the effectiveness of PEA-HCl and EAA at inhibiting bacteria when used as a processing aid for chicken is in progress. A patent on EAA as a novel anti-microbial has been submitted and is pending [6]
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