Abstract
The expanded availability of adalimumab products continues to widen patient access and reduce costs with substantial benefit to healthcare systems. However, the long-term success of these medicines is highly dependent on maintaining consistency in quality, safety and efficacy while minimizing any risk of divergence during life-cycle management. In recognition of this need and demand from global manufacturers, the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Biological standardization established the WHO 1st International standard (IS) for Adalimumab (coded 17/236) in October 2019 with a defined unitage ascribed to each of the individual bioactivities evaluated in the study namely, TNF-α binding, TNF-α neutralization, complement dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. For development of the IS, two candidate standards were manufactured as per WHO recommendations. Analysis of extensive datasets generated by testing of a common set of samples including the candidate standards by multiple stakeholders including regulatory agencies using their own qualified assays in a large international collaborative study showed comparable biological activity for the tested candidates for the different activities. Use of a common standard significantly decreased the variability of bioassays and improved agreement in potency estimates. Data from this study clearly supports the utility of the IS as an important tool for assuring analytical assay performance, for bioassay calibration and validation, for identifying and controlling changes in bioactivity during life-cycle management and for global harmonization of adalimumab products. In addition, in a separate multi-center study which included involvement of hospital and clinical diagnostic laboratories, the suitability of the adalimumab IS for therapeutic drug monitoring assays was examined by analysis of data from testing of a common blind coded panel of adalimumab spiked serum samples representative of the clinical scenario along with the IS and in-house standards in diverse immunoassays/platforms. Both commercially available and in-house assays that are routinely used for assessing adalimumab trough levels were included. Excellent agreement in estimates for adalimumab content in the spiked samples was observed regardless of the standard or the method with inter-laboratory variability also similar regardless of the standard employed. This data, for the first time, provides support for the extended applicability of the IS in assays in use for therapeutic drug monitoring based on the mass content of the IS. The adalimumab IS, in fulfilling clinical demand, can help toward standardizing and harmonizing clinical monitoring assays for informed clinical decisions and/or personalized treatment strategies for better patient outcomes. Collectively, a significant role for the adalimumab IS in assuring the quality, safety and efficacy of adalimumab products globally is envisaged.
Highlights
Increased knowledge of the pathogenesis of chronic immune conditions, inflammatory disorders and some cancers has led to targeted interventions which have radically changed treatment strategies in patients with significant impact on their quality of life
The development of the international standards (IS) involved multiple, sequential steps including selection of an optimal formulation, production of candidate standards, testing in two multi-center studies, data analysis and unitage assignment. The results of these studies which led to the recommendations to the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Biological standardization (ECBS) and the establishment of the WHO IS in Oct’19 are presented
Manufacturers, whether originator or biosimilar, are exploring opportunities to drive product selection and commercialization where possible by developing novel approaches that provide added value to the patient/prescriber. This is often in parallel with the inevitable post-authorization manufacturing changes that continue for many products, including monoclonal antibodies with modern quality systems and regulatory oversight ensuring that product quality and clinical performance remain unaffected throughout the product’s lifecycle [58,59,60]
Summary
Increased knowledge of the pathogenesis of chronic immune conditions, inflammatory disorders and some cancers has led to targeted interventions which have radically changed treatment strategies in patients with significant impact on their quality of life.
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