Abstract
Although they offer major advantages, smart cities present unprecedented risks and challenges. There are abundant discrete studies on risks related to smart cities; however, such risks have not been thoroughly understood to date. This paper is a systematic review that aims to identify the origin, trends, and categories of risks from previous studies on smart cities. This review includes 85 related articles published between 2000 and 2019. Through a thematic analysis, smart city risks were categorized into three main themes: organizational, social, and technological. The risks within the intersections of these themes were also grouped into (1) digital transformation, (2) socio-technical, and (3) corporate social responsibility. The results revealed that risk is a comparatively new topic in smart-city research and that little focus has been given to social risks. The findings indicated that studies from countries with a long history of smart cities tend to place greater emphasis on social risks. This study highlights the significance of smart city risks for researchers and practitioners, providing a solid direction for future smart-city research.
Highlights
Urbanization is defined as a multidimensional process in which large numbers of people rapidly and permanently concentrate in a relatively small geographic area to form cities [1]
Approaches for a green city, sustainable city, carbon-neutral city, and smart city have been introduced to revolutionize the use of natural resources and urban infrastructure to address urbanization problems [5]
The authors labeled the recorded articles based on their proposed smart-city risks and classiTfhieedsethleecmtedinsttoudthierseehadvieffearwenidt ecaratenggoeroiefsd, invaemrsietlyyatmecohnngoplougbilciaclatriiosnksy,eoarrgs,acnoiznatetixotn, aanl drisreksse,aarnchd msoectihalordissk. sF[1o2r2t]h. e quantitative analysis, data from the identified articles were summarized in a numerical format, according to their publication date, country, and research method [121]
Summary
Urbanization is defined as a multidimensional process in which large numbers of people rapidly and permanently concentrate in a relatively small geographic area to form cities [1]. Such rapid growth is the underlying source of urban issues, due to the additional pressure on urban infrastructure and natural resources [2]. Governments and city authorities are considering novel approaches to meet citizens’ demands, focusing on the efficient utilization of resources while minimizing adverse impacts on the natural environment [4]. The smart-city concept—the latest trend—integrates information technologies into urban areas, to overcome urban challenges, improve sustainability in cities, and enhance citizens’ quality of life [6]
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