Abstract
In the article describes the evolution of the idea of human spaceflight in the post-war period, the formation of a selection system for cosmonauts. Attention is drawn to the fact that by the time of the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) in the USSR there was an opportunity to send a person on a suborbital flight, but it was decided to finalize the equipment for an orbital mission. At the same time, on the basis of unpublished documents, the progress of the search for applicants for the first cosmonaut team is shown, the reasons for the pilots' refusals from further tests at different stages of selection are revealed.
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