The First Report of Chryseobacterium gleum Caused Ventriculoperitoneal-shunt Infection in a Child.

Abstract

To The Editors: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is one of the most widely used and effective methods in the treatment of hydrocephalus in childhood. VP shunt infections have been observed in approximately 3.2%–25%, and Chryseobacterium spp. is a rare cause of VP shunt infections.1,2 Herein, we report the first VP shunt infection caused by Chryseobacterium gleum. A 12-month-old female (corrected age 8 months) born via spontaneous vaginal delivery, weighed 700 g at 25 weeks of gestation, was admitted to our emergency department with a fever with a maximum peak temperature of 39°C, projectile vomiting, and decreased oral intake. Her history included long-term ventilation in the neonatal intensive care unit with a diagnosis of moderate bronchopulmonary dysplasia. At 4 months of age, she developed intraventricular hemorrhage and progressive hydrocephalus, and a VP shunt was inserted. She had several episodes of VP shunt infections caused by S. epidermidis and S. aureus. At admission, the patient was febrile, tachycardic (heart rate, 160/min) and tachypneic (respiratory rate of 48/min). Physical examination showed weakness, lethargy and sleepiness. Her total Glasgow Coma Scale score was 12 (E3V4M5). Laboratory tests were as follows: white blood cell (WBC) count: 12.5 × 103/μL (neutrophil 37% and lymphocyte 54%), C-reactive protein: 20 mg/L, procalcitonin: 0.09 μg/L. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) WBC count was 120/mm3, protein 107 mg/dL and glucose 42 mg/dL. With the preliminary diagnoses of sepsis and shunt infection, intravenous (IV) cefotaxime (300 mg/kg/day) and IV vancomycin (60 mg/kg/day) was initiated empirically. Peripheral/catheter blood cultures and CSF samples were inoculated into aerobic and anaerobic culture bottles (BacT/ALERT, BioMérieux, Durham, USA). The patient underwent VP shunt externalization. The blood and urine cultures were negative during the patient’s follow-up. Chryseobacterium gleum was isolated in the CSF, shunt and ventricular catheter tip cultures on the 3rd day of treatment. The organism had high-level minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels for meropenem (MIC = 32 μg/mL), imipenem (MIC = 32 μg/mL) and piperacillin-tazobactam (MIC = 250 μg/mL). MIC level of ciprofloxacin was 0.125 μg/mL and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was 0.5 μg/mL. Cefotaxime and vancomycin were switched to IV trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (5 mg/kg every 6 hours) and ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg every 8 hours). On the 5th day of the combined therapy, the patient’s CSF sample was evaluated and showed a WBC count of 30/mm3, glucose 42 mg/dL and protein 360 mg/ dL, and the CSF culture was sterile. Antibiotics were continued for 21 days. The patient was clinically stable, and no adverse effects or seizures were observed during or after the treatment. The extra ventricular drainage was removed, the VP shunt was inserted following 2 consecutive negative CSF cultures, and the patient was discharged. Chryseobacterium species are common in nature but are not found in human flora. Most cases are nosocomial and are frequently associated with immunosuppression or implantable devices. Chryseobacterum gleum is typically a low-virulence organism that can cause serious infections. It has been reported that Chryseobacterum gleum can cause infections such as central-line-associated bloodstream infection, community-acquired pneumonia and urinary tract infection in adults.3–5 Unlike previous reports, Chryseobacterium was isolated in the cerebrospinal fluid in our study. Chryseobacterum gleum commonly colonizes mechanical devices, causing device-associated infections, and can form biofilm. According to this study, VP shunt may be a risk factor for Chryseobacterium gleum infections. This report emphasizes the significance of Chryseobacterium species as a causative agent of a wide range of infections, and VP shunts can pose a risk for this agent. Data on the management of Chryseobacterium is limited. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing guidelines for Chryseobacterium infections should be developed for more effective and accurate treatment.