Abstract
BackgroundConsumption of undercooked or insufficiently cured meat is a major risk factor for human infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Although horsemeat is typically consumed rare or undercooked, information on the risk of T. gondii from infected horse meat to humans is scarce. Here, we present the results of a study to determine the presence of T. gondii infection in slaughter horses in Serbia, and to attempt to isolate viable parasites.MethodsThe study included horses from all regions of Serbia slaughtered at two abattoirs between June 2013 and June 2015. Blood sera were tested for the presence of specific IgG T. gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test (MAT), and samples of trypsin-digested heart tissue were bioassayed in mice. Cyst-positive mouse brain homogenates were subjected to DNA extraction and T. gondii strains were genotyped using 15 microsatellite markers (MS).ResultsA total of 105 slaughter horses were sampled. At the 1:6 cut-off 48.6% of the examined horses were seropositive, with the highest titre being 1:400. Viable parasites were isolated from two grade type mares; both parasite isolates (RS-Eq39 and RS-Eq40) were T. gondii type III, and both displayed an increased lethality for mice with successive passages. These are the first cases of isolation of T. gondii from horses in Serbia. When compared with a worldwide collection of 61 type III and type III-like strains, isolate RS-Eq39 showed a combination of MS lengths similar to a strain isolated from a duck in Iran, and isolate RS-Eq40 was identical in all markers to three strains isolated from a goat from Gabon, a sheep from France and a pig from Portugal. Interestingly, the source horses were one seronegative and one weakly seropositive.ConclusionsThe isolation of viable T. gondii parasites from slaughter horses points to horsemeat as a potential source of human infection, but the fact that viable parasites were isolated from horses with only a serological trace of T. gondii infection presents further evidence that serology may not be adequate to assess the risk of toxoplasmosis from horsemeat consumption. Presence of T. gondii type III in Serbia sheds more light into the potential origin of this archetypal lineage in Europe.
Highlights
Consumption of undercooked or insufficiently cured meat is a major risk factor for human infection with Toxoplasma gondii
The sampled population size represents over 13% of the estimated total number of horses slaughtered in Serbia during the sampling period
The isolation of viable T. gondii parasites from slaughter horses points to horsemeat as a possible and even probable source of human infection, a conclusion recently reached by a systematic review [55] as well
Summary
Consumption of undercooked or insufficiently cured meat is a major risk factor for human infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Horsemeat is typically consumed rare or undercooked, information on the risk of T. gondii from infected horse meat to humans is scarce. We present the results of a study to determine the presence of T. gondii infection in slaughter horses in Serbia, and to attempt to isolate viable parasites. Toxoplasma gondii is considered one of the most successful parasites on Earth due to its omnipresence and widest array of hosts, including all mammals [1]. The genus comprises a single species infective for all hosts, with limited genetic diversity in Europe and North America where the majority of isolates belong to the clonal genotypes type II and III, with the predominance of type II [2, 3]. Treatment options have not advanced much for decades and there is still no drug able to eliminate encysted parasites
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