Abstract
Aim: The role of intestinal fungi in human health and disease is becoming more evident. The mycobiota composition and diversity of preterm infants is affected by interactions with bacteria and clinical variables. In this study, we aimed to characterize the composition and the diversity of the preterm infant mycobiota and the effect of clinical variables on it in the first six postnatal weeks. Methods: Preterm infants (n = 50) and full-term infants (n = 6) admitted to Isala Women and Children’s hospital (Zwolle, The Netherlands) who were born during 24-36 or 37-40 weeks of gestation, respectively, were included in this study. Feces were collected during the first six postnatal weeks (n = 109) and their mycobiota composition and diversity were characterized by ITS2 amplicon sequencing. Results: Composition analyses identified fungi and other eukaryotic kingdoms, of which Viridiplantae was most abundant. Of the fungal kingdom, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the first and second most prominent phyla in early life of all infants. Candida was the most abundant genus in the first six weeks of life and increased with gestational and postnatal age. Fungal phylogenetic diversity remained stable in the first six postnatal weeks. The individuality and the mode of delivery were identified as significant predictors for the variation in the mycobiota composition. Vaginally delivered infants were enriched in Candida spp., whereas infants delivered through emergency C-section were characterized by Malassezia spp. Conclusion: These results indicate that fungi and other eukaryotic kingdoms are detected in the intestine of preterm and full-term infants in the first six postnatal weeks. Similar to the microbiota, colonization of the preterm intestine with fungi is determined by clinical variables including individuality and mode of delivery.
Highlights
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses that together form the microbiota[1]
These results indicate that fungi and other eukaryotic kingdoms are detected in the intestine of preterm and full-term infants in the first six postnatal weeks
Colonization of the preterm intestine with fungi is determined by clinical variables including individuality and mode of delivery
Summary
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses that together form the microbiota[1]. Little is known about the fungal part of the microbiota, which collectively is called the “mycobiota”. The initial fungal colonization occurs during early life and the process is very similar to that of the microbiota. The mycobiota composition and diversity is affected by variables very similar to those affecting the microbiota. They include gestational age, mode of delivery, hospital environment, antibiotic exposure, and diet[8,9,10,11]
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