Abstract

This publication continues a series of articles which introduce into scientific discourse the results of archaeo-logical research into the cultural layer of Tobolsk — the main city of Siberia during the Russian colonization pe-riod. The First and Second Regency excavations were laid on the spit of the Troitsky Cape, on the territory of the Tobolsk Kremlin, in the utility building construction zone of the Tobolsk-Tyumen diocese. Based on the historical and archival data, the identified stratigraphic columns should demonstrate the peculiarities of the formation of cultural strata in different periods of development of the city since its foundation, but unfortunately, as shown by the excavations, the early layers were severely damaged across a large area as a result of constant active recon-structions of the Kremlin. The earliest of the studied objects are the remains of a defensive line that ran along the edge of the cape in the 17th c., protecting the city from attacks. As a result, the structure of the wooden fortifica-tions of the city have been identified, which represented a high log fence, with an adjacent platform — fighting gallery — on the inner side. The presence of such structure suggests that the defensive wall carried loopholes for cannons and culverins, significantly expanding the firing potential. The nature, location and construction of this defensive line is similar to the one we found in the Chukman excavation site, on the nearby cape of Chukman. The ancient objects of the First and the Second Regency excavations include eight structures that have not been fully explored. One of them contained a rare archaeological find — the remains of a tiled stove, faced with terra-cotta, glazed, polychrome relief and painted tiles. Another building preserved in a form of a brick foundation, during the clearing of which, for the first time in Tobolsk, fragments of porcelain ware from Gardner factory were found, which was considered to be the best in Russia in the 19th century. In general, the obtained materials open new opportunities for studying the early stages of the history and culture of the first Russian capital of Siberia.

Highlights

  • Александру Васильевичу Матвееву посвящается Введение Значительные по объему археологические исследования на разных участках кремля, верхнего и нижнего посадов Тобольска свидетельствуют, что в его исторической части имеются уникальные по научной значимости культурные слои, содержащие остатки объектов, идентифицированных в письменных источниках [Адамов и др., 2008; Матвеев, Аношко, 2011]

  • The nature, location and construction of this defensive line is similar to the one we found in the Chukman excavation site, on the nearby cape of Chukman

  • The First and the Second Regency excavations in Tobolsk This publication continues a series of articles which introduce into scientific discourse the results of archaeological research into the cultural layer of Tobolsk — the main city of Siberia during the Russian colonization period

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Summary

Introduction

Александру Васильевичу Матвееву посвящается Введение Значительные по объему археологические исследования на разных участках кремля, верхнего и нижнего посадов Тобольска свидетельствуют, что в его исторической части имеются уникальные по научной значимости культурные слои, содержащие остатки объектов, идентифицированных в письменных источниках [Адамов и др., 2008; Матвеев, Аношко, 2011]. Историко-архивные изыскания позволяют говорить, что участок культурного слоя на территории Тобольского кремля является ценнейшим для изучения планировки и особенностей застройки города на начальных этапах его истории, в конце XVI — XVII в., а также в последующие периоды развития, в XVIII–XIX вв. Первый Регентский раскоп В ходе работ на площади Первого Регентского раскопа (165 м2) установлено, что культурный слой здесь частично либо полностью уничтожен при прокладке кабельных труб, шахты водопровода, строительстве пожарного колодца, трансформаторных подстанций.

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