Abstract
This article discusses the legacy of Tokugawa (1600-1867) feudalism and its meaning for modern science in Japan (1868-1920). With "feudalism" defined in terms of former samurai roles and privileges, its importance is considered in respect to the formation of a scientific community, creation of research institutions, decision making about science, and scientists' conduct in the laboratory setting. Special attention is also given to the impact of World War I on the policies and patterns of conduct associated, in part, with this earlier tradition. Analysis does not ignore Western influence but does stress the Japanese background. The principal conclusions are these: Most scientists in the period were samurai because of opportunity and motivation. A tendency to conflate science with technology and the government's desire to retain jurisdiction were forces in how institutions for research evolved. Role expectations for scientists did restrict their participation in public decisions that shaped their careers. And the feudalistic legacy in the laboratory setting was more positive than often suggested.
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