The Female Athlete Triad

Abstract

I. Definition: Triad of amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and disordered eating in a female participating in sports and/ or fitness training II. A “New” Diagnosis? A. Increase in sports participation by females 1. Recreational 2. Organized team sports 3. More opportunities for the pre-teen and teenage athlete in school environment B. 1972, Title IX of Federal Education Assistance Act 1. Equal sports for males and females at school level 2. Many health benefits for female athletes 3. Potential for both shortand long-term health problems recently recognized 4. Need for education of athletes, coaches, and parents III. The Female Athlete A. Increasing number of females participate in competitive sports B. Distorted perception of optimal physique 1. Athletes may be at particular risk in sports emphasizing leanness (gymnastics, ballet, figure skating, long-distance runners) 2. All female athletes have potential for developing the triad C. Inaccurate view that athletes “training more intensely” should not menstruate 1. Regular menses implies optimal energy supply balancing energy demand from sports participation 2. Preparation and ongoing participation in organized sports should include assessment about menstrual periods and nutrition D. Pressure within sports for future academic and financial success E. Failure to differentiate specific health needs of the female athlete