The failing Fontan circulation: Successful conversion of atriopulmonary connections

Abstract

ObjectivesSymptoms from low cardiac output or refractory atrial arrhythmias are complicating atriopulmonary (classical) Fontan connections. We present our experience of converting such patients to total cavopulmonary connections with and without arrhythmia surgery. MethodsBetween 1997 and 2002, 15 patients (mean age, 19.7 ± 7.0 years) underwent conversion operations 12.7 ± 3.5 years after atriopulmonary Fontan operations. Preoperative New York Heart Association functional class was I in 2 patients, II in 2 patients, III in 6 patients, and IV in 5 patients. Four patients underwent intracardiac lateral tunnel conversion alone, and 11 received extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection, right atrial reduction, and cryoablation. ResultsNo mortality occurred. One patient had conduit obstruction in the immediate postoperative period requiring replacement, and another required a redo operation for endocarditis. Average hospitalization was 17.9 ± 9.38 days; chest drains were removed on median day 4 (range, 1-29; mean, 7.4 ± 7.58 days). At follow-up (mean, 42.6 ± 22.1 months), late atrial arrhythmias had recurred in 3 of 4 patients with intracardiac total cavopulmonary connections (without ablation) and 1 of 11 patients with extracardiac total cavopulmonary connections with ablation. All patients are in New York Heart Association class I or II. Exercise ability (Bruce protocol) improved 69% from a mean of 6.18 ± 4.01 minutes to 10.45 ± 2.11 minutes (P < .05). Need for antiarrhythmic agents decreased postoperatively (patients receiving ≤1 antiarrhythmic: 9 preoperatively vs 15 at long-term follow-up, P < .05). No patient has required transplantation. Protein-losing enteropathy, which was present in 1 patient, improved transiently with conversion. There was 1 late death from gastrointestinal hemorrhage. ConclusionsFontan conversion can be achieved with low mortality and improvement in New York Heart Association class and exercise ability. Concomitant arrhythmia surgery reduces the incidence of late arrhythmias.