Abstract
Actinobacteria constitute prolific sources of novel and vital bioactive metabolites for pharmaceutical utilization. In recent years, research has focused on exploring actinobacteria that thrive in extreme conditions to unearth their beneficial bioactive compounds for natural product drug discovery. Natural products have a significant role in resolving public health issues such as antibiotic resistance and cancer. The breakthrough of new technologies has overcome the difficulties in sampling and culturing extremophiles, leading to the outpouring of more studies on actinobacteria from extreme environments. This review focuses on the diversity and bioactive potentials/medically relevant biomolecules of extremophilic actinobacteria found from various unique and extreme niches. Actinobacteria possess an excellent capability to produce various enzymes and secondary metabolites to combat harsh conditions. In particular, a few strains have displayed substantial antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), shedding light on the development of MRSA-sensitive antibiotics. Several strains exhibited other prominent bioactivities such as antifungal, anti-HIV, anticancer, and anti-inflammation. By providing an overview of the recently found extremophilic actinobacteria and their important metabolites, we hope to enhance the understanding of their potential for the medical world.
Highlights
Actinobacteria is a phylum of bacteria that comprises Gram-positive genera with high guanine and cytosine (G + C) content in their genomes and a few Gram-negative species [1,2]
In light of their abundance in such extreme environments accompanied by their well-known biosynthetic capabilities, scientists are interested in their metabolic versatility, discovering novel bioactive secondary metabolites, and their extracellular enzymes, which can be potentially propitious for pharmaceutical development [7,8,9,10,11]
This study suggested a variety of actinobacterial species that are yet to be explored from hot springs, in which their secondary metabolites may contribute to the development of new antibiotics
Summary
Actinobacteria is a phylum of bacteria that comprises Gram-positive genera with high guanine and cytosine (G + C) content in their genomes and a few Gram-negative species [1,2]. Actinobacteria are commonly present in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, they have a wide range of habitats, including extreme geographical locations such as deserts, hot springs, salt lakes, caves, and deep-sea [3,4,5,6] In light of their abundance in such extreme environments accompanied by their well-known biosynthetic capabilities, scientists are interested in their metabolic versatility, discovering novel bioactive secondary metabolites, and their extracellular enzymes, which can be potentially propitious for pharmaceutical development [7,8,9,10,11]. Actinobacteria have astonishing capabilities in adapting contaminated soil and efficiently decomposing organic materials such as hemicellulose and lignin through the actions of their metabolites [12] These bacteria can be bioindicators to toxic contaminants due to their higher sensitivity in detecting toxic elements [13]. The utilization of actinobacteria to manage plant diseases and pests that damage agricultural crops is effective, cost-saving, and eco-friendly, they can substitute and mitigate the use of harmful chemical fertilizers and pesticides
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