The extreme bulk-modulus contrast of bubbly soft matter for underwater acoustic modulation

Abstract

Bubbles in liquid and soft matter are excellent acoustic resonators with extremely low resonant frequencies. We find that bubbly soft matter (BSM) can enable full-phase (2π) modulation of incident acoustic waves just through changing the bubble size. Compared with the conventional solid–solid binary locally resonant metamaterial (SSM), due to the extreme bulk-modulus ratio of the bubbles and the soft matrix, the BSM has two distinguished merits. First, the size of the bubbly inclusions for the full-phase modulation is only about a third of the solid inclusions in the SSM; second, the range of variation of the bubbly inclusions to cover the full-phase modulation is two orders of magnitude wider than that of the solid inclusions. These features, combined with the salient advantage of wave-impedance match between soft matter and water, can realize compact and light-weight reflective and transmissive underwater bubble metasurfaces. At the lower limit 3 kHz of the active sonar operating frequency, an ultrathin reflective metasurface with a thickness of 1/50 the wavelength can redirect the incident waves at a given angle. Bubble resonance in soft matter opens a new avenue for underwater acoustic modulation at the deepest subwavelength.