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Abstract
The physiological and molecular responses of five strains of Streptomyces sp. (CAI-17, CAI-68, CAI-78, KAI-26 and KAI-27), with their proven potential for charcoal rot disease control in sorghum and plant growth-promotion (PGP) in sorghum and rice, were studied to understand the mechanisms causing the beneficial effects. In this investigation, those five strains were evaluated for their PGP capabilities in chickpea in the 2012–13 and 2013–14 post-rainy seasons. All of the Streptomyces sp. strains exhibited enhanced nodule number, nodule weight, root weight and shoot weight at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and pod number, pod weight, leaf area, leaf weight and stem weight at 60 DAS in both seasons over the un-inoculated control. At crop maturity, the Streptomyces strains had enhanced stover yield, grain yield, total dry matter and seed number plant−1 in both seasons over the un-inoculated control. In the rhizosphere, the Streptomyces sp. also significantly enhanced microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity, total nitrogen, available phosphorous and organic carbon in both seasons over the un-inoculated control. Of the five strains of Streptomyces sp., CAI-17, CAI-68 and CAI-78 were superior to KAI-26 and KAI-27 in terms of their effects on root and shoot development, nodule formation and crop productivity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs had revealed the success in colonization of the chickpea roots by all five strains. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of selected PGP genes of actinomycetes revealed the selective up-regulation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-related and siderophore-related genes by CAI-68 and of β-1,3-glucanase genes by KAI-26.
Highlights
In recent years, the use of plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria has become one of the most attractive options for enhancing the sustainability of agricultural systems in many parts of the world due to their eco-friendliness, low production cost and reduced use of non-renewable resources
We have demonstrated the potential of a set of eight Streptomyces strains (CAI-21, CAI-26, MMA-32, CAI-17, CAI-68, CAI-78, KAI-26 and KAI-27) isolated from herbal vermicompost, for the bio-control of charcoal rot disease, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., in sorghum (Gopalakrishnan et al 2011b) and for plant growth-promotion (PGP) in rice (Gopalakrishnan et al 2012a, 2013)
Streptomyces strains Five strains of Streptomyces spp., CAI-17 (GenBank accession number: JQ682619), CAI-68 (GenBank accession number: JQ682622), CAI-78 (GenBank accession number: JQ682623), KAI-26 (GenBank accession number: JQ682624) and KAI-27 (GenBank accession number: JQ 682625), previously reported by us to have capacity for the bio-control of charcoal rot in sorghum (Gopalakrishnan et al 2011b) and PGP in rice (Gopalakrishnan et al 2013), were further studied in the present investigation
Summary
The use of plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria has become one of the most attractive options for enhancing the sustainability of agricultural systems in many parts of the world due to their eco-friendliness, low production cost and reduced use of non-renewable resources. We have demonstrated the potential of a set of eight Streptomyces strains (CAI-21, CAI-26, MMA-32, CAI-17, CAI-68, CAI-78, KAI-26 and KAI-27) isolated from herbal vermicompost, for the bio-control of charcoal rot disease, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., in sorghum (Gopalakrishnan et al 2011b) and for PGP in rice (Gopalakrishnan et al 2012a, 2013). The objectives of this investigation were to further evaluate five of the eight Streptomyces strains (CAI-17, CAI-68, CAI78, KAI-26 and KAI-27) for their PGP traits in chickpea under field conditions, to demonstrate gene expression profiles by qRT-PCR analysis, and to ensure colonizing ability in chickpea by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis
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