Abstract
Throughout the nineteenth century, Russia was governed by autocratic rulers who suppressed revolutionary ideas imported from the West. Nevertheless, the Russian intelligentsia was familiar with a variety of political ideas, including conservative, constitutionalist, liberal, and revolutionary theories. Liberalism, for example, was an important component of the debate between Westernisers and Slavophiles. They argued about the best political arrangements for Russia; Westernisers believed that Russia should adopt Western liberal ideals and institutions, while Slavophiles thought that they should be rejected in favour of Russian values based on the virtues of the peasant âobschinaâ (commune) (Walicki, 1980). However, only after the 1905 Revolution did liberal political parties emerge, most notably, the more progressive Constitutional Democratic Party (KADETS) and the more conservative Union of October 17 (Octobrists).
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