Abstract
Brazil has the most immense biodiversity in the world, and therefore, it also harbors an incredible variety of fungal species. Over the past several decades, starting in the 1950s, Brazilian fungal diversity has been studied by several foreign groups as well as Brazilians not only because of its importance to taxonomy and ecology but also because of its potential as a source for biomolecules of economic interest. The study of endophytic fungi from Brazil has grown during the last 20–30 years, and its contribution to the estimation of global fungal diversity and its potential to produce several molecules have also contributed to the improvement of industrial procedures. Also, some studies investigating fungal endophytic diversity have contributed ecological information to programs for the protection of natural areas. In this chapter, selected publications about the taxonomy, ecology, and/or biotechnological potential of fungal endophytes from Brazil are summarized in order to show the importance of Brazilian endophyte mycodiversity.
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