Abstract
The discovery of Mariam, a wheat-unique miniature transposable element family, was reported in our previous study. We have also shown the possible impact of Mariam insertions on the expression of wheat genes. However, the evolutionary dynamics of Mariam was not studied in detail. In this study, we have assessed the insertion sites of Mariam family in different wheat species. In-silico analysis of Mariam insertions has allowed the discovery of two different sequence versions of Mariam, and that Mariam might have been recently active in wild emmer wheat genome (T. turgidum ssp diccocoides). In addition, the analysis of Mariam insertional polymorphism has facilitated the discovery of large genomic rearrangement events, such as deletions and introgressions in the wheat genome. The dynamics of Mariam family sheds light on the evolution of wheat.
Highlights
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that go through transposition, i.e., change their location within the genome (Kidwell, 2002)
Mariam is a family of miniature transposable elements (~300 bp in length), discovered in wild emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides), lacking terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) and other characteristics of known transposable elements (Domb et al, 2019)
A total of 60 insertions were found in the 5 drafts; 3 insertions were found in T. urartu (TU), 4 in Ae. tauschii (AT), 12 in durum (DW), 21 in wild emmer (WE) and 20 insertions in bread wheat (TA)
Summary
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that go through transposition, i.e., change their location within the genome (Kidwell, 2002). They are divided into two classes based on their mode of transposition: Class I—RNA elements, or Retrotransposons, that transpose through a “copy and paste” mechanism via RNA intermediate, and Class II—DNA elements that transpose through a “cut and paste” mechanism. Transposable elements are further divided into subclasses, orders, superfamilies and families based on the presence of different repeats, the proteins they use for transposition and the similarity of sequences. Transposition can have different genetic and epigenetics effects on the host genome (Casacuberta and Santiago, 2003; Mansour, 2007; Slotkin and Martienssen, 2007; Zhao et al, 2016)
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