Abstract
Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.
Highlights
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states including beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, and knowledge to ourselves and others
The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground
The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs
Summary
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states including beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, and knowledge to ourselves and others. This paper chooses the literatures based on theory of mind and the human evolution that starts from the hominins separated from chimpanzees. This paper purposes that the combination of bipedalism and the mixed habitat at the beginning of the hominin evolution results in division of labor that produces theory of mind [4]. The early Homo species [6] with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species [7] with complex stone tools produced theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort in imaginary division of labor under harsh condition.
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