The Evolution of the Right to Water in India

Namita Wahi

doi:10.3390/w14030398

Abstract

Water is indispensable to human life. From references to water in numerous international treaties to ultimately, the adoption of United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly resolutions emphasising separate recognition of the “right to water” in 2010, we now have a freestanding human right to water. In this paper, I review the constitutional and legal framework underlying the right to water in India, and present a comprehensive analysis of judicial decisions that have enforced this right, based on insights from two original datasets. The first dataset is a compilation of all water laws, and the second is a compilation of all High Court and Supreme Court judicial decisions on the right to water. My review of the articulation of the “right to water” in India shows that this articulation has occurred largely oblivious of the international human rights movement on water. Apart from the mainstream articulation of the “right to water”, I also describe specific articulation of the right by two marginalised groups, namely Dalits and Adivasis. In so doing, I show how the articulation of the “right to water” has strengthened the claims of the former, but not those of the latter group.

Highlights

In line with the discussion above, we find that nearly half of the 22 colonial laws pertained to irrigation
The changes remarkably articulated when we look at rights the volume of decided Supreme unsurprising given that no colonial-era statute gave primacy to drinking water rights
The Indian Constitution does not include an express guarantee of a “right to water” but following its adoption in 1950, both the Supreme Court and the High Courts have judicially articulated the “right to water” as a fundamental right derived from the justiciable “right to life” under Article 21

Summary

Introduction

Citation: Wahi, N. The Evolution of the Right to Water in India. Water2022, 14, 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030398Academic Editor: Caetano C. DoreaReceived: 9 November 2021Accepted: 26 January 2022Published: 28 January 2022Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Attribution (CC BY) license (https://

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