The evolution of surgical treatment of urolithiasis: from lithotomy to combined intrarenal technologies

Abstract

Urolithiasis (hereinafter ICD) has a long thousand-year history, worldwide spread, frequent recurrence and occupies a leading place in the structure of surgical diseases of the urinary system. The development of urology as a clinical discipline is thorny and is associated with the stages of origin and formation as a science, oblivion and revival - as a modern field of surgery. The progress of technical thought, achievements of fundamental science, naturally led to the formation of urology and, in particular, surgery of urolithiasis on the basis of new concepts of operative capabilities, preoperative diagnostics, new methods of physical impact on the structure of the calculus. The creation and improvement of new low-traumatic techniques, their active and widespread introduction into practice, contributed to the displacement of open traumatic interventions used for centuries, and made it possible to successfully remove stones from the urinary tract with minimal complications. The work is devoted to the historical review of the formation of urolithiasis surgery, comparative characteristics of alternative minimally invasive methods of treatment of KSD. The scientific work reveals the modern achievements of percutaneous surgery, the history of the development of technical improvements and the possibilities of retrograde fiber-optic intrarenal technologies. The promising directions of development of antegrade and retrograde surgery of nephrolithiasis in the present and near future have been determined.