The Evolution of Russia-Pakistan Relations (1998-2023): From Strained Relations to Geo-Strategic Engagement

Abstract

It is argued that Pakistan and Russia had visible patterns of enmity before the 21st century. However, the abandonment of ideological constraints and shift in geopolitics, incentivize both states to forge closer relations primarily because of Machiavellian common cause. The study intends to highlight the major factors during multiple stages under the various leaders of Russia and Pakistan that reshaped the priorities of both states' vis a vis each other. Apropos of this view, three level of analysis is used to identify, individual, state and systematic factors, that act as an enabler and constraints in the growing relations between both countries. The study concludes that a balance of interests is key between Russia and Pakistan in complicated and multifaceted relations as both nations will look for opportunities to converge their interests while still pursuing their own geopolitical agendas.