Abstract

There is some evidence that a kind of hospital already existed towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC in ancient Mesopotamia. In India the monastic system created by the Buddhist religion led to institutionalised health care facilities as early as the 5th century BC, and with the spread of Buddhism to the east, nursing facilities, the nature and function of which are not known to us, also appeared in Sri Lanka, China and South East Asia. One would expect to find the origin of the hospital in the modern sense of the word in Greece, the birthplace of rational medicine in the 4th century BC, but the Hippocratic doctors paid house-calls, and the temples of Asclepius were visited for incubation sleep and magico-religious treatment. In Roman times the military and slave hospitals were built for a specialised group and not for the public, and were therefore not precursors of the modern hospital. It is to the Christians that one must turn for the origin of the modern hospital. Hospices, originally called xenodochia, initially built to shelter pilgrims and messengers between various bishops, were under Christian control developed into hospitals in the modern sense of the word. In Rome itself, the first hospital was built in the 4th century AD by a wealthy penitent widow, Fabiola. In the early Middle Ages (6th to 10th century), under the influence of the Benedictine Order, an infirmary became an established part of every monastery. During the late Middle Ages (beyond the 10th century) monastic infirmaries continued to expand,but public hospitals were also opened, financed by city authorities, the church and private sources. Specialised institutions like leper houses also originated at this time. During the Golden Age of Islam the Muslim world was clearly more advanced than its Christian counterpart with regard to the magnificent hospitals which were built in various countries, institutions which eventually became the true forerunners of the modern teaching hospital.

Highlights

  • Public health was until relatively recently very low on the list of priorities in the Western world — it only became a national objective in some countries in the late 18th century

  • Various factors prevented the early development of an adequate health service, for instance ignorance, the unsympathetic attitude of the Greeks and Romans towards the sick, superstition and religious beliefs

  • From a modern point of view, the most important and lasting contribution of the ancients to public health was the establishment of the hospital in the modern sense of the word, i.e. an institution where the sick and disabled could receive treatment for a period of time

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Public health was until relatively recently very low on the list of priorities in the Western world — it only became a national objective in some countries in the late 18th century. From a modern point of view, the most important and lasting contribution of the ancients to public health was the establishment of the hospital in the modern sense of the word, i.e. an institution where the sick and disabled could receive treatment for a period of time. It is, strangely, not in Greece, the birthplace of rational medicine in the 4th century BC that one finds the origin of the hospital, nor in the temples of Asclepius, or even the Roman military and slave hospitals which can be traced back to the 1st century BC. In this article the development of the hospital is traced from its onset up to the end of the Middle Ages, with emphasis on Europe and the Near East

DEFINITION OF TERMS
EARLIEST TIMES
GRAECO-ROMAN ERA
THE CHRISTIAN ERA
MEDIEVAL TIMES
Findings
HOSPITALS AND MEDICAL EDUCATION
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