Abstract
Optic nerve and retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) often cause permanent sight loss. Currently, a limited number of retinal diseases can be treated. Hence, new strategies are needed. Regenerative medicine and especially tissue engineering have recently emerged as promising alternatives to repair retinal degeneration and recover vision. Here, we provide an overview of retinal anatomy and diseases and a comprehensive review of retinal regeneration approaches. In the first part of the review, we present scaffold-free approaches such as gene therapy and cell sheet technology while in the second part, we focus on fabrication techniques to produce a retinal scaffold with a particular emphasis on recent trends and advances in fabrication techniques. To this end, the use of electrospinning, 3D bioprinting and lithography in retinal regeneration was explored.
Highlights
Pathologies of the retina and optic nerve represent a leading cause of visual impairment and irreversible blindness in high-income countries [9]. These diseases are usually divided into those caused by mutation in only one gene such as inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) and those caused by mutations in multiple genes and environmental factors such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma [10,11,12,13,14]
When injected, cells were observed as clumps whereas an retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) monolayer was visible in rats transplanted with the patch. These findings suggest that this approach may improve visual function at least in the short term in a few patients suffering from advanced stages of dry AMD
Regenerative medicine research and optimization carries enormous hope as means to restore visual function compromised by retinal diseases
Summary
The retina, lining the inner surface of the eye’s posterior segment, is a thin light-sensing tissue responsible for light absorption, conversion to an electrical signal and transmission to the brain through the optic nerve. Pathologies of the retina and optic nerve represent a leading cause of visual impairment and irreversible blindness in high-income countries [9] These diseases are usually divided into those caused by mutation in only one gene (monogenic diseases) such as inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) and those caused by mutations in multiple genes and environmental factors (polygenic and/or multifactorial diseases) such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma [10,11,12,13,14]. Gene therapy has been proven todescribed restore vision by3.replacing absent or abnormal genes focus on the regeneration techniques of RGCs, RPE cells along with Bruch’s membrane causing monogenic retinal diseases [15,16,17]. Associated IRDs, nowadays there is an FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and EMA
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