Abstract
In May 1921, two important trade union congresses were held in Soviet Russia ‐ the Fourth All‐Russian Congress of Trade Unions and the Fourth All‐Russian Congress of the Metalworkers’ Union. This article uses previously inaccessible documents from Russian archives to reveal behind‐the‐scenes tactics of negotiation and intimidation used by Communist Party leaders to establish their control over unions, and the myriad ways in which union leaders and members resisted party leaders’ pressure. The article focuses on the role of Alexander Shliapnikov in factional politics that continued even after the Tenth Communist Party Congress in March 1921 banned factionalism within the party.
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