The evolution, logics, variations and improving of the actual (political and behavioral) typology of semi- presidentialism: the organization and manifestations on the example of the European countries

Abstract

Semi-presidentialism is a very common and heterogeneous system of government, since it can be typified both formally (institutionally and procedurally) and actually (politically and behaviorally), but the dynamics of semi-presidentialism is less dependent on institutional and constitutional normsthan on political and behavioral factors. These typological factors (in particular, the dualism, legitimacy, party affiliation and responsibility of the executive and the compositions of legislatures) create the grounds for the mediation of semi-presidentialism on the basis of political and behavioral models of the evaluation of norms and manifestations. Therefore, the study primarily focuses on the updated and expanded theorization of the actual (political and behavioral) typology of semi-presidentialism and on the practical consequences, risks and prospects for its operationalization within the framework of the European cases (from the moment of semi-presidentialism’s introduction and as of December 2017). As a result, it is argued that semi-presidentialism (based on a presidential party positioning against the types of cabinets and the parameters of inter-party and intra-party relations) should be alternatively typified on the fully or partly unified majority systems, fully or partly unified minority systems, divided majority systems and divided minority systems, which provide various political implications.