The Evaluation of Essential Oils Compositions, Mineral and Heavy Metal Content of Xanthium strumarium L. Grown in Cultural Conditions

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigated the chemical composition of essential oils from different organs (fruits, leaves, and stems) and determined the heavy metal and nutrient elements in leaves of Xanthium strumarium cultivated in culture conditions. The essential oils of the plant parts dried in the shade isolated by hydrodistillation and the essential oils extracted by using Clevenger apparatus analyzed by GC-MS. Nutrients and heavy metals (aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, and sodium) in the leaves using an iCAP-Qc ICP-MS spectrometer detected. While the main components in the fruit essential oil were 6-epi-shyobunol (17.13%), α-bisabolene epoxide (12.34%), α-cadinol (10.28 %), and tau-cadinol (10.06%),the main components of leaves essential oil were recorded as α-cadinol (12.40%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.88%), while borneol (9.24%), isoaromadendrene epoxide (8.74%), cubedol (8.62%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (8.06%), tau-cadinol (6.79%), 2,2,6-trimethyl- 1-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-ol (5.01%), and α-bisabolene epoxide (5.00%) were recorded abundantly. Duraldehyde formed 79.92% of the stem essential oil. Other important components in this essential oil were mesitol with 8.89% and mesitioic acid with 4.49%. Among the three macro minerals (Ca, K and P) in the dried leaves of X. strumarium evaluated in the study, K had the highest value. The microelement content of the leaves varied between 0.305�0.002(Zn)-3.235�0.062 (Fe) ppm. The mineral content of the plant, whose fresh leaves are consumed as a vegetable by the local people, was found to be low. Generally, X. strumarium is a rich source of essential oil components. In this study, fruit essential oil was for the first time. The findings from this study can be useful for future studies.