The EV revolution: The road ahead for critical raw materials demand

Viet Nguyen-Tien,Robert J.R. Elliott,Ben Jones

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115072

Viet Nguyen-Tien, Robert J.R. Elliott + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115072

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Abstract

Mass adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is anticipated in the years ahead, driven primarily by policy incentives, rising incomes, and technological advancements. However, mass adoption is predicated on the availability and affordability of the raw materials required to facilitate this transformation. The implications of material shortages are currently not well understood and previous research tends to be limited by weak representation of technological change, a lack of regional disaggregation, often inflexible and opaque assumptions and drivers, and a failure to place insights in the broader context of the raw materials industries. This paper proposes a CoMIT (Cost, Macro, Infrastructure, Technology) model that can be used to analyse the impact of mass EV adoption on critical raw materials demand and forecasts that, by 2030, demand for vehicles will increase by 27.4%, of which 13.3% will be EVs. The model also predicts large increases in demand for certain base metals, including a 37 and 18-fold increase in demand for cobalt and lithium (relative to 2015 levels), respectively. Without major changes in certain technologies, the cobalt and lithium supply chains could seriously constrain the widespread deployment of EVs. Significant demand increases are also predicted for copper, chrome and aluminium. The results also highlight the importance of China in driving demand for EVs and the critical materials needed to produce them.

Highlights

Limiting the damage from climate change is a major challenge facing the global economy
This paper proposes a CoMIT (Cost, Macro, Infrastructure, Technology) model that can be used to analyse the impact of mass electric vehicles (EVs) adoption on critical raw materials demand and forecasts that, by 2030, demand for vehicles will increase by 27.4%, of which 13.3% will be EVs
The electrification of the transportation sector is emerging as a key priority in the fight against climate change, driven by the demand for improved air quality and less carbon intensive economic development

Summary

Introduction

Limiting the damage from climate change is a major challenge facing the global economy. The Paris Accord aims to curb emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and other Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) in an attempt to keep the average temperature rise under 1.5°C [1,2] Meeting these ambitious goals will require mass adoption of environmental technologies such as renewable power, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), [3], and energy-saving household appliances and industrial equipment [4]. Among the governments active in promoting EVs are Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) [7] Such government led policy initiatives are beginning to catalyse both EV production and sales. In response to an anticipated rapid increase in demand, auto makers

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