Abstract
The holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix is a unique organism for studying regeneration mechanisms. Moreover, E. fraudatrix can quickly restore parts of its body and entire organ systems, yet at the moment, there is no data on the participation of stem cells in the process. To the contrary, it has been repeatedly confirmed that this process is only due to the transformation of terminally differentiated cells. In this study, we examine changes in gene expression during gut regeneration of the holothurian E. fraudatrix. Transcriptomes of intestinal anlage of the three stages of regeneration, as well as the normal gut, were sequenced with an Illumina sequencer (San Diego, CA, USA). We identified 14,617 sea urchin protein homologs, of which 308 were transcription factors. After analysing the dynamics of gene expression during regeneration and the map of biological processes in which they participate, we identified 11 factors: Ef-EGR1, Ef-ELF, Ef-GATA3, Ef-ID2, Ef-KLF1/2/4, Ef-MSC, Ef-PCGF2, Ef-PRDM9, Ef-SNAI2, Ef-TBX20, and Ef-TCF24. With the exception of TCF24, they are all involved in the regeneration, development, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immune response in other animals. We suggest that these transcription factors may also be involved in the transdifferentiation of coelomic epithelial cells into enterocytes in holothurians.
Highlights
The holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix is a unique organism for studying regeneration mechanisms
After analysing the dynamics of gene expression during regeneration and the map of biological processes in which they participate, we identified 11 factors: Ef-EGR1, Ef-ELF, Ef-GATA3, Ef-ID2, Ef-KLF1/2/4, Ef-MSC, Ef-PCGF2, Ef-PRDM9, EfSNAI2, Ef-TBX20, and Ef-TCF24
We suggest that these transcription factors may be involved in the transdifferentiation of coelomic epithelial cells into enterocytes in holothurians
Summary
The holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix is a unique organism for studying regeneration mechanisms. Holothurians are capable of restoring almost all organs and tissue types, and as such are of special interest[5,12,13] Their unique feature is the ability to eject (eviscerate) their intestine in response to stressful stimuli; the lost part of the digestive tract regenerates by formation of two anlagen on the anterior and posterior parts of the body, which grow towards each other[14]. This process in most studied species of holothurians occurs as a function of the cells of luminal epithelia of the cloaca (posterior anlage) and the remaining part of the esophagus (anterior anlage), which is due to dedifferentiation, migration, proliferation, and differentiation[15,16,17,18]. In the process of regeneration, part of the dedifferentiated cells of the coelomic epithelium undergo transdifferentiation, mitotically divide, and transform into enterocytes[7]
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