Abstract

The ethological command in art is a review of certain aspects of form perception that may be influenced by biological evolution. The information from recent ethological studies, which examines the similarities between animal and human behavior, should interest the artist and augment his intuitive capacity to create aesthetic form. Many factors are involved in the evolutionary changes of most animal species. One factor that has guided the development of animal and human behavior is called selection pressure. An example of selection pressure is the need for social communication for sexual reproduction and group protection. Another category of selection pressure resides in the various dangerous animals and predators that impinge on the survival of particular animal groups. So intense is predator selection pressure that some animal species appear to have evolved unlearned recognition and avoidance of predators. The visual cues for both social signals and predator recognition are termed ‘releasers’ because they evoke a somewhat stereotyped reaction when viewed by certain animals. Man was certainly exposed to specific selection pressures during his long evolutionary history, and, as a result, he uses intricate social signals, such as facial expressions and body postures, for communicating emotional states during interpersonal contact. The spontaneous fear exhibited by man to snakes, scorpions and other insects with many legs suggests that these avoidance responses represent emotional by-products for survival purposes-residual from an earlier evolutionary period. If the artist desires to create an exciting piece of art, he might consider using various releasers and selected social signals to enhance the visual impact of his work. Some of the visual releasers that will be discussed comprise paired concentric circles, serrated contours and linear bands that exhibit high conspicuousness. The artist can attempt to control the viewer’s arousal by selecting visual releasers that will evoke the desired response. Dans le domaine de l’Art, l’orientation ethologique consiste a reconsiderer certains aspects de perception des formes qui peuvent etre influences par l’evolution biologique. De recentes comparaisons ethologiques sur l’evolution du comportement animal et humain devraient etre de nature a interesser l’artiste et a augmenter sa capacite intuitive au moment de creer une forme esthetique. De nombreux facteurs agissent sur l’evolution de la plupart des especes animales. Un premier element, ayant guide le developpement du comportement animal et humain, est la pression selective. Un exemple de pression selective est le besoin de communication sociale visant a la reproduction sexuelle et a la protection du groupe. Une autre categorie de pression selective est illustree par les betes feroces, qui reduisent le temps de survie de certaines especes animales. La pression selective de la bete feroce est si intense, que certaines especes animales ont un flair inne provoquant une reaction de defense vis-a-vis des betes feroces. Les indices visuels des gestes de communication sociale et de detection des betes feroces sont appeles signes stimulants car ils evoquent une sorte de reaction type chez les animaux se trouvant en contact avec ces betes feroces. L’homme fut certainement expose a des pressions selectives precises au cours de sa longue evolution, d’ou l’utilisation de gestes de communication compliques, tels qu’expressions faciales et attitudes corporelles evoquant les etats emotionnels dans les rapports humains. La peur spontanee ressentie par l’homme devant un serpent, un scorpion ou devant tout autre insecte multipattes montre que ces reactions de fuite sont des derives emotionnels de l’instinct de conservation, remontant a une epoque anterieure de son evolution. Si l’artiste desire creer une œuvre d’art extraordinaire, il devra tenir compte de divers signes stimulants et gestes de communication pour rehausser l’impact visuel de son œuvre. Certains signes stimulants visuels, parmi ceux dont il est question, comprennent des cercles concentriques jumeles, des contours denteles et des bandes lineaires aux formes tres marquees. L’artiste peut essayer de controler le degre d’excitation chez l’observateur en selectionnant des signes stimulants visuels qui evoqueront la reaction souhaitee.

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