Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common inherited disorders of haemoglobin in Africa and it is expected that sickle cell trait varies in frequency in different areas in Sudan. An extensive literature search was carried out accessing the US National Library of Medicine, the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region resources, the Catalogue for Transmission Genetics in Arabs and papers and documents published in Sudan that included data on the prevalence of sickle cell anaemia and trait. Rates of SCA and trait varied in different areas in Sudan with the highest rates reported from Western and Eastern Sudan where one in every 123 children born in Messeryia tribe in Western Sudan is at risk of having SCD. High consanguinity rates and malaria endemicity are strong related factors with sickle cell gene in Sudan. This review will present what is known about the rates of sickle cell gene in different ethnic groups in Sudan.
Highlights
Sudan includes variable ethnic groups that range from Arabs to African and Afro-Arabs tribes
This review presents the rates of sickle cell gene in different ethnic groups in Sudan
The Origin of Sickle cell gene in Sudan : Based on analysis of Y-chromosome haplogroups, the sickle cell gene may have been preferentially introduced through males of migrating West African tribes, Hausa-Fulani, and Bagara in the large migrations that began in the eighteenth century and escalated during the nineteenth and early twentieth century [10]
Summary
Sudan includes variable ethnic groups that range from Arabs to African and Afro-Arabs tribes. These ethnic groups include groups with Negroid genetic characteristics with an established history in the area such as Nuba and Nilotes. Other groups include Arab, Hausa and Copt who migrated to the area in different times in history, as well as the Arab-negroid admixture tribes [1, 2]. A study was carried out to analyze genetically Fur, Beja, Gaalin, Hawazma, and Messeryia tribes, which belong to different ethnic and linguistic groups in Sudan. This review presents the rates of sickle cell gene in different ethnic groups in Sudan. Heterozygotes are generally asymptomatic carriers (traits), while the SCD is expressed in the homozygotes and the double heterozygotes for two abnormal haemoglobin genes or HbS and the thalassaemias
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