Abstract
Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a common side effect of cyclophosphamide therapy, which deserves new therapeutic strategies, such as those based on natural products. The ethanol extract of the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis (Tul.) (EECp) possesses anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities as previously showed by our group. We have investigated the effect of EECp on the cyclophosphamide-induced HC. Cystitis was induced in male Wistar rats by the injection of cyclophosphamide. These animals were pretreated with EECp (100–400 mg/kg), vehicle, or mesna. Myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde formation were measured in urinary bladder and other tissues. Bladder edema and histopathological alterations and serum nitric oxide metabolites concentration NOx − were also evaluated. Treatment with EECp (100–400 mg/kg) or mesna impaired the increase of myeloperoxidase activity in urinary bladder and the serum NOx − induced by cyclophosphamide but did not reduce edema in this tissue, as did mesna. Total histological score was reduced by EECp (100 mg/kg). Lung myeloperoxidase activity, which was increased by cyclophosphamide, was decreased significantly by EECp (400 mg/kg). EECp also diminished the malondialdehyde formation in bladder, lung, and spleen, although these parameters were not affected by cyclophosphamide. These results indicate that EECp reduced urinary bladder damage during cyclophosphamide-induced HC in rats.
Highlights
The treatment of many neoplasic or nonneoplasic conditions with oxazophorines, mainly cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, leads to hemorrhagic cystitis as an important side effect [1, 2]
Other options to treat hemorrhagic cystitis are desirable and studies in experimental animals have shown that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may exert protective effects on the urinary tract in cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide-induced cystitis [7,8,9,10]
Cyclophosphamide injection to rats caused edema, increase of MPO activity, and histopathological alterations in the urinary bladder tissue, as expected [21], which were partially reduced by treatment with EECp, with the exception of bladder edema
Summary
The treatment of many neoplasic or nonneoplasic conditions with oxazophorines, mainly cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, leads to hemorrhagic cystitis as an important side effect [1, 2]. Other options to treat hemorrhagic cystitis are desirable and studies in experimental animals have shown that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may exert protective effects on the urinary tract in cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide-induced cystitis [7,8,9,10]. Another opportunity to develop new options to treat cystitis is the use of natural products. Boeira et al [11] recently
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