Abstract
Numerous experiments have examined the effects on food-maintained responding of presenting stimuli terminated with response-independent shock (Estes-Skinner procedure). Under a wide range of conditions responding is suppressed during presentations of the preshock stimulus. Often these studies have purported to be concerned with the experimental induction of fear or anxiety. Such interpretations are shown to be misleading by experiments demonstrating that stimuli preceding response-independent food also produce a reduction of responding maintained by either shock or food presentation. The behavioral effects of environmental stimuli reside not in the properties of stimuli but depend on manipulable relationships between those events and behavior.
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