Abstract

The beliefs involved in the placebo effect are often assumed to be self-fulfilling, i.e. the truth of these beliefs would merely require the patient to hold them. Such a view is commonly shared in epistemology. In fact, many epistemologists focused on the self-fulfilling nature of these beliefs, which have been investigated because they raise some important counterexamples to Nozick’s “tracking theory of knowledge”. I challenge the view on the self-fulfilling nature of placebo-based beliefs in multi-agent contexts, analysing their deep epistemological nature and the role of higher-order beliefs involved in the placebo effect.

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