The epidemiology of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in African, Caribbean and Black men in Toronto, Canada

Laron E Nelson,Ting Sa,Nanhua Zhang,Wangari Tharao,Winston Husbands,David Absalom,Sameer Kushwaha,Rupert Kaul

doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3925-3

Abstract

BackgroundAfrican, Caribbean, and Black (Black) men account for 16.5% of new HIV diagnoses among men in Ontario. There is substantial evidence that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with increased likelihood of HIV infection; however, little is known regarding the prevalence of HIV/STI co-infections among Black men in Toronto. Progress has been made in understanding factors contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in HIV between among men who have sex with men (MSM). In this study, we investigate within-racial group patterns of HIV/STI infection between Black MSM and Black men who only have sex with women (MSW).MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological study was conducted with a non-probability sample of Black men recruited from Toronto, Ontario. Audio Computer Assisted Self-Interviews (ACASI) surveys were used to collect demographic and behavioral data. Biological specimens were collected to screen for HIV and other STIs. Chi-Square tests were used to compare the prevalence of (1) HIV and current STIs between MSM and MSW and (2) current STIs between people living with HIV and people not living with HIV. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess whether or not history of STIs were associated with current HIV infection.ResultsThe prevalence of HIV (9.2%), syphilis (7.2%), hepatitis B (2.7%), and high-risk anal HPV (8.4%) and penile HPV (21.3%) infections were high in Black men (N = 487) and were significantly increased in Black MSM compared with MSW; the prevalence of syphilis and high-risk HPV were also increased in men living with HIV. Men with a history of syphilis (OR = 6.48, 95% CI: 2.68,15.71), genital warts (OR = 4.32, 95% CI: 1.79,10.43) or genital ulcers (OR = 21.3, 95% CI: 1.89,239.51) had an increased odds of HIV infection.ConclusionsThe HIV/STI prevalence was high among this sample of Black men, although the study design may have led to oversampling of men living with HIV. The associations between STIs and current HIV infection highlight the need for integrated of HIV/STI screening and treatment programs for Black men. Public health strategies are also needed to reduce disproportionate HIV/STI burden among Black MSM—including improving HPV vaccine coverage.

Highlights

African, Caribbean, and Black (Black) men account for 16.5% of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses among men in Ontario
In Canada, disproportionately high HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) burdens exist among several subpopulations, including African, Caribbean, and Black (Black) communities, men who have sex with men (MSM), injection drug users (IDUs), and indigenous peoples [1]
The purposes of this study were to investigate the prevalence of HIV, STIs and HIV/STI co-infections and to investigate whether past or current STIs were associated with HIV infection in a community-recruited, non-probability sample of Black MSM and Men who only have sex with women (MSW) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Summary

Introduction

Caribbean, and Black (Black) men account for 16.5% of new HIV diagnoses among men in Ontario. We investigate within-racial group patterns of HIV/STI infection between Black MSM and Black men who only have sex with women (MSW). In Canada, disproportionately high HIV and STI burdens exist among several subpopulations, including African, Caribbean, and Black (Black) communities, men who have sex with men (MSM), injection drug users (IDUs), and indigenous peoples [1]. The HIV prevalence among Black men living in Ontario is six-fold higher than non-IDU White men [2, 3]. Estimates of the prevalence of STIs exist for the general Canadian and Ontario populations, as well as some subpopulations (e.g. MSM), there are limited data available regarding the prevalence of STIs in Black communities. While not an STI, bacterial vaginosis is more prevalent among African-American women and is itself a potential risk factor for HIV acquisition and transmission [9,10,11]

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