Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana (also known as Panama disease) has been a problem in Australia since 1874. Race 1 of the pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) is responsible for damage to ‘Lady Finger’ (AAB, Pome subgroup) and other less widely grown cultivars such as ‘Ducasse’ (Pisang Awak, ABB). Subtropical Race 4 (STR4) also affects these cultivars as well as Cavendish cultivars (AAA) in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales where cold temperature predisposition is involved. Tropical Race 4 (TR4) has led to the demise of the Cavendish industry in the Northern Territory, and its presence was confirmed in a North Queensland plantation in 2015, which warranted destruction of all banana plants on the property; as of this writing (April 2019), TR4 has spread to two adjacent properties. This review, which was commissioned by Biosecurity Queensland in response to the 2015 TR4 outbreak, considers the key epidemiological factors associated with the onset of a Fusarium wilt epidemic. Resistance to TR4, which is mediated by events following entry by the pathogen into the xylem, is not present in any commercially acceptable banana cultivar. Also, there is no effective chemical agent that can be used to manage the disease. Besides prevention, very early recognition and rapid containment of a disease outbreak are necessary to prevent epidemic development. A good understanding of the key factors responsible for disease development is required when devising practical protocols for the destruction of infected plants, treatment of surrounding infested soil, and reduction of inoculum in plant residues and soil.
Highlights
Reviewed by: Sebastien Christian Carpentier, Bioversity International (Belgium), Belgium Chunyu Li, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IFTR, GDAAS), China
Tropical Race 4 (TR4) has led to the demise of the Cavendish industry in the Northern Territory, and its presence was confirmed in a North Queensland plantation in 2015, which warranted destruction of all banana plants on the property; as of this writing (April 2019), TR4 has spread to two adjacent properties
This review, which was commissioned by Biosecurity Queensland in response to the 2015 TR4 outbreak, considers the key epidemiological factors associated with the onset of a Fusarium wilt epidemic
Summary
Reviewed by: Sebastien Christian Carpentier, Bioversity International (Belgium), Belgium Chunyu Li, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IFTR, GDAAS), China. Chlamydospores in the soil are stimulated to germinate by nutrients in the exudates from banana roots and non-hosts, or contact with pieces of non-colonized plant residues (Ploetz and Pegg, 1999; Dita et al, 2018). After the pathogen has systemically invaded the xylem vessel elements with appreciable invasion of the rhizome (Simmonds, 1966), a severe water shortage develops due to vascular plugging.
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