Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a worldwide public health problem and, although many of them are curable, they continue to be neglected, especially in areas with a low human development index, such as in the northern region of Brazil. This review describes the results of 30 years of studies at the Virus Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará, including the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, HBV, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis among urban and non-urban populations, and also in vulnerable groups in the Brazilian Amazon. Control strategies and challenges in preventing STIs are discussed considering this immense geographic region, where essential health services are unable to reach the entire population, especially the most vulnerable, such as female sex workers, people who use illicit drugs, remnants of quilombolos and indigenous communities.
Highlights
Transmitted infections (STIs) represent a severe public health problem, especially among the poorest regions of the world, and cause a profound impact on reproductive and sexual health
About million women carry human papillomavirus (HPV), the leading addition to generating information about the epidemiology of STIs in the Amazon, we causethe of challenge cervical cancer and approximately million live with hepatitis B
A sharp increase in the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection was observed from 2005–2006, from 2.3% [39] to 15.33% in 2017 [40], showing the spread of the virus towards the interior of the state of Pará over the years. Another vulnerable population for HIV-1 infection and of which little is known about the epidemiology of STIs are the people who use illicit drugs (PWUD) in the Amazon region
Summary
Transmitted infections (STIs) represent a severe public health problem, especially among the poorest regions of the world, and cause a profound impact on reproductive and sexual health. The perinatal period, including HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), C. trachomatis and T. pallidum [6,7]. About million women carry human papillomavirus (HPV), the leading addition to generating information about the epidemiology of STIs in the Amazon, we causethe of challenge cervical cancer and approximately million live with hepatitis B faced of controlling and preventing these infections in thechronic largest geographic worldwide [4]. 6.3 million people are infected with region of Brazil, but with the lowest human development indexes in the country. In addition to generating information about the epidemiology of STIs in the Amazon, we faced the challenge of controlling and preventing these infections in the largest geographic region of Brazil, but with the lowest human development indexes in the country. The specific technical details for each infectious agent are described in the original publications that accompany the results and discussion of the review
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