Abstract
Since 1990 the Hanoi capital region (or Hanoi metropolitan area) in Vietnam has undergone rapid development, which has gone together with increasing socio-economic growth and prosperity. However, the environmental degradation that has accompanied urban development has raised considerable concern from the public in recent years. This research investigates the effects of urban development on urban sprawl, urban heat island (UHI), and metropolitan weather phenomena that are related to the quality of urban life in the period from 1999–2016. To achieve these objectives, remote sensing technologies were applied to satellite images at three time points (i.e., 1999, 2009, and 2016) that were associated with the meteorological dataset from ground-based stations. The spatial distribution evolution was examined for the land use/land cover changes while using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). The increasing impact of urban sprawl on UHI intensity is determined based on the land surface temperature (LST) in multi-temporal forms. Increasing urbanization with the development of gradual outward and northward expansion from the city centre intensified the correlation analysis shows that the UHI. The potential formation of new UHI areas in the near future is also indicated. Furthermore, more than 30% of the metropolitan area is decaying in ecological quality according to an assessment of the urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI). With respect to metropolitan weather, the urbanization in Hanoi affected the observation of meteorological parameters revealed that the relative humidity, total rainfall, temperature, and wind speed over both urban and rural areas. The overall results imply that urban development and its environmental effects and impacts have imposed pressing issues and new challenges to sustainable development in the Hanoi metropolitan area.
Highlights
The world has recently experienced the most rapid pace of urbanization since the industrial revolution in the second half of the twentieth century, especially in developing countries [1]
Atmospheric urban heat island (UHI) is observed based on air temperature and surface UHI (SUHI) is observed based on land surface temperature (LST) [5]
It is clear that the spatial pattern of normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) is generally consistent with LST, whereas that of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is the reverse. These results indicate that the lower vegetation content in the city centre causes higher LST and NDBI values when compared with the surrounding areas
Summary
The world has recently experienced the most rapid pace of urbanization since the industrial revolution in the second half of the twentieth century, especially in developing countries [1]. The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is one of the major negative impacts of urbanization, which indicates a metropolitan core that has higher air temperature and land surface temperature (LST) than the surrounding rural area. The surface UHI (SUHI) and atmospheric UHI are two types of UHI [4]. Atmospheric UHI is observed based on air temperature and SUHI is observed based on LST [5]. Together with the urbanization process, the rapid spread of urban areas and changes in land use have led to significant and remarkable UHI phenomena [2]. A top priority has been the identification and assessment of urbanization impacts, and recent research has been performed with a view towards a better understanding of the impacts and problems that are related to urbanization [2]
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