The Enhancing Immune Response and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Caulerpa lentillifera Extract in RAW 264.7 Cells.

Sittikorn Yoojam,Kriangsak Mengamphan,Narissara Lailerd,Doungporn Amornlerdpison,Atcharaporn Ontawong

doi:10.3390/molecules26195734

Sittikorn Yoojam, Kriangsak Mengamphan + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195734

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Abstract

Background: Caulerpa lentillifera (CL) is a green seaweed, and its edible part represents added value as a functional ingredient. CL was dried and extracted for the determination of its active compounds and the evaluation of its biological activities. The major constituents of CL extract (CLE), including tannic acid, catechin, rutin, and isoquercetin, exhibited beneficial effects, such as antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic activity, immunomodulatory effects, and anti-cancer activities in in vitro and in vivo models. Whether CLE has an anti-inflammatory effect and immune response remains unclear. Methods: This study examined the effect of CLE on the inflammatory status and immune response of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and the mechanisms involved therein. RAW264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of CLE (0.1–1000 µg/mL) with or without LPS (1 µg/mL) for 24 h. Expression and production of the inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and mediators were evaluated. Results: CLE suppressed expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, CLE inhibited expression and secretion of the inflammatory enzyme COX-2 and the mediators PGE2 and NO. CLE also reduced DNA damage. Furthermore, CLE stimulated the immune response by modulating the cell cycle regulators p27, p53, cyclin D2, and cyclin E2. Conclusions: CLE inhibits inflammatory responses in LPS-activated macrophages by downregulating inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Furthermore, CLE has an immunomodulatory effect by modulating cell cycle regulators.

Highlights

Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli including pathogens, toxic compounds, and irritants
Abundant evidence has reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and inflammatory enzymes including inducible nitric oxide synthase
The calculated amounts of each major constituent found in CL extract (CLE), as obtained from their respective calibration curves, are shown in milligrams of the phenolic compound per gram of CLE

Summary

Introduction

Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli including pathogens, toxic compounds, and irritants. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages during inflammation [1]. Abundant evidence has reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and inflammatory enzymes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), are involved in the process of inflammation [2]. Previous studies demonstrated that IL-6 has an effect on the immune system’s response due to acute inflammation [3]. IL-1β is important for the inflammatory response to microbial infection [4]. TNF-α is involved in the process of pathological pain [2]

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