Abstract
The transportation off-shore of the littoral pycnogonid Nymphon gracile during the winter months is facilitated by the ebb tide swimming of this otherwise benthic animal. The energy cost of migration has been estimated from measurements of oxygen consumption and drag forces acting on the different segments of the leg during swimming. The swimming patterns of N. gracile both under constant conditions and in response to tidal pressure cycles are considered in relation to the animals' energy reserves.
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