Abstract
Abstract Since 1989 all East European countries have experienced historically unprecedented events. There have never been political transformations of this magnitude without revolution or war. Communist regimes have collapsed and, in the usual ignorant and spectacular fashion, the media depicts it as something completely unexpected. After the 20th Communist Party Congress, however, many serious flaws in the system became obvious. At that time the shortcomings of state-controlled industry and the incompetence of centralized economic management seemed evident to anyone blessed with common sense. Subsequently, the repression of intellectuals and youth signaled an ideological undoing which would eventually affect the overwhelming majority of East Europeans.
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