Abstract
The Pellino family is a novel and well-conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase family and consists of Pellino1, Pellino2, and Pellino3. Each family member exhibits a highly conserved structure providing ubiquitin ligase activity without abrogating cell and structure-specific function. In this review, we mainly summarized the crucial roles of the Pellino family in pattern recognition receptor-related signaling pathways: IL-1R signaling, Toll-like signaling, NOD-like signaling, T-cell and B-cell signaling, and cell death-related TNFR signaling. We also summarized the current information of the Pellino family in tumorigenesis, microRNAs, and other phenotypes. Finally, we discussed the outstanding questions of the Pellino family in immunity.
Highlights
Immune responses are mainly divided into innate immunity and acquired immunity
Upregulated Pellino1 activates microglia and enhances nuclear factor−kB (NF-kB) production, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced TLR4 signaling by increasing TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) K63-linked ubiquitination [64,65,66]
Viral Pellino should be studied further for a poxviral homolog of the Pellino protein capable of inhibiting Tolllike receptor signaling independent of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and inhibiting Pellino3-mediated activation of the p38 MAPK pathway [136]
Summary
Roles of Pellino Family in Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling. The Pellino family is a novel and well-conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase family and consists of Pellino, Pellino, and Pellino. Each family member exhibits a highly conserved structure providing ubiquitin ligase activity without abrogating cell and structure-specific function. We mainly summarized the crucial roles of the Pellino family in pattern recognition receptor-related signaling pathways: IL-1R signaling, Toll-like signaling, NOD-like signaling, T-cell and B-cell signaling, and cell death-related TNFR signaling. We summarized the current information of the Pellino family in tumorigenesis, microRNAs, and other phenotypes. We discussed the outstanding questions of the Pellino family in immunity
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