Abstract
Chromosomes underlie a dynamic organization that fulfills functional roles in processes like transcription, DNA repair, nuclear envelope stability, and cell division. Chromosome dynamics depend on chromosome structure and cannot freely diffuse. Furthermore, chromosomes interact closely with their surrounding nuclear environment, which further constrains chromosome dynamics. Recently, several studies enlighten that cytoskeletal proteins regulate dynamic chromosome organization. Cytoskeletal polymers that include actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments can connect to the nuclear envelope via Linker of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes and transfer forces onto chromosomes inside the nucleus. Monomers of these cytoplasmic polymers and related proteins can also enter the nucleus and play different roles in the interior of the nucleus than they do in the cytoplasm. Nuclear cytoskeletal proteins can act as chromatin remodelers alone or in complexes with other nuclear proteins. They can also act as transcription factors. Many of these mechanisms have been conserved during evolution, indicating that the cytoskeletal regulation of chromosome dynamics is an essential process. In this review, we discuss the different influences of cytoskeletal proteins on chromosome dynamics by focusing on the well-studied model organism budding yeast.
Highlights
Reviewed by: Xin Ma, Stanford University, United States Kerry Bloom, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
The results obtained in these two studies (Verdaasdonk et al, 2013; Hauer et al, 2017) point the physical changes of the chromatin fiber upon histone depletion, but differ in their interpretation. Additional methods, such as super resolution microscopy, are expected to shed light on chromatin physical properties changes upon histone depletion. As it will be detailed below, chromosome tethering to the nuclear envelope or to the SPB is an important regulator of chromosome motion, it is critical to consider this parameter when studying chromatin fiber properties (Heun et al, 2001; Verdaasdonk et al, 2013; Strecker et al, 2016; Spichal et al, 2016)
Chromosome movement is a complex process that is regulated by different mechanisms
Summary
Edited by: Piergiorgio Percipalle, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Cytoskeletal polymers that include actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments can connect to the nuclear envelope via Linker of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes and transfer forces onto chromosomes inside the nucleus. Monomers of these cytoplasmic polymers and related proteins can enter the nucleus and play different roles in the interior of the nucleus than they do in the cytoplasm. We discuss the role of the cytoskeleton in chromosome movement during the mitotic cell cycle by concentrating on the well-studied unicellular eukaryote model organism yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A particular focus will be given to cytoskeletal proteins found inside the nucleus and their role in chromosome dynamics
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